Legal Process Essay Example for Free

Legal Process EssayThe scenario for this paper states that bath is an employee in a private sector organization and he wants to level a discrimination complaint against his employer. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and explain in detail what the legal process is for file such complaint. The paper will also explain the part that the courts play in these types of complaints. Every theme is different so the paper will explain how these laws potentially apply to John.John has decided to file a discrimination complaint against his employer. However, John is not sure how or what needs to be done in order to do this so he must first do some research. The Equal custom Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was created to protect employees like John from discrimination violations. The laws against discrimination at work include race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, and disability (Bennett Anderson, 2007). All these laws be enforced by the EEOC.The law states that if a p erson believes that they are a victim of discrimination they must first file a complaint through the EEOC before filing a lawsuit against the employer (EEOC, 2013). John has several(prenominal) ways that he smoke initiate the process of filing his complaint he can choose to file in person at a nearest location or he can file through mail. He will need to disclose some information in writing like his name, phone number, employers name, address, and a brief but detailed summary of the violation/s with dates and locations.All these things are very important because the EEOC can determine whether or not an probe is needed. According to the EEOC John has 180 days to file a complaint but if in his state in that location are any laws against discrimination it can extended to 300 days to file a complaint. Also it is important to know that in some cases thither are state and local laws that prohibit discrimination in the work place so the EEOC will automatically file the charge with the Fair Employment Practices Agencies (FEPA) which protect the victim under both federal and state law (EEOC, 2013).Now that John is ready to file his complaint with the EEOC he know mediocre needs to wait for them to handle the charge. The EEOC must notify the employer within 10 days of receiving the complaint. Depending on the case that John may have the EEOC may proffer that both parties participate in mediation as a way to adjudicate the issue. However if the case is more severe and or if this doesnt resolve the issue the case will be given to an investigator for the case to be looked into with more detailed (EEOC, 2013). The EEOC will establish the priority level of the telephone call and if any laws have been broken.Of course at any point during the process a settlement may be pursued however if it is not workable, the investigation will carry on and once the investigation is complete the EEOC will make a decision on the case. If the investigation determines that there was no plunder of the law the discrimination charges will be dismissed. Notification is then provided to John as a right to sue and he may then file a lawsuit against his employer. In some cases there may not be an investigation because the EEOC finds that John has very little evidence and that there actually was no discrimination violation they may choose to close the complaint.If that is the case John would also be notified by mail and he has the option of filing a civil lawsuit against his employer. Once John decides to proceed with the civil lawsuit the courts would now get involve. At this point it would be a not bad(predicate) idea for John to hire an attorney who specializes in interlocking law. In this type of lawsuit the employer can request to have a jury present, if that is the case the jury would listen to both sides of the story, their evidence and their witnesses.A judge will make the final decision in instances such as this. If however, the losing side feels the verdict is unjust they are still able to request an appeal of the verdict. The Appeals Court renders the final judgment except in cases in which a petition is filed with the US Supreme Court. Discrimination has become difficult to distinguish in the global workplace, for the protection of the employee and the employer businesses must be mindful of relevant state and federal employment laws and the procedure for tackling discrimination.Companies must communicate the no tolerance policy for discrimination to all employees because employee rights are esteemed. Discriminatory acts can be found in alter workplace environments, the employment hiring process, the office setting, and even during the termination of an employee. When a discrimination suit is filed against an employer, the process can be long and extensive. These discrimination laws have been do available to employees to use when individuals believe that a violation of employee rights has occurred in the workplace.

Cultural hyrbidity Essay Example for Free

Cultural hyrbidity EssayThe fusion of cultural and ethnic identities refers to hybridisation. Most people acknowledge that they can be affiliated with an single culture. Banton (2000) notes that in the contemporary UK ethnicity is becoming increasingly recognised as something everyone has. 1 Common interests or shared values help form and develop cultural attachments (culture, descent, ancestry, religion, languages, food and traditional values) which in turn develops and forges ethnic identities. Migration of ethnic minorities has stirred some of the UKs population into feeling the British national identity is under threat. loanblend identity can be attributed to the exchange of culture through globalisation. Sheila Patterson (1965) studied first generation unsettleds in Brixton, London during the 1950s. Her study involved interviews, observation and actor observation with 250 whites and 150 Afro-Caribbeans. Patterson (1965) believes the relationship between hosts and immigr ants as not fixed but evolving all the time Whilst adaption through socialisation and acculturation was difficult for immigrants, the hosts hold up was a more passive form of acceptance.2 Eriksen (2002) points out that no serious scholar today believes that hereditary characteristics explain cultural variations. 3 Patterson (1965) similarly states the incoming group as a whole adapts itself to permanent membership of the receiving society in certain major spheres notably economic and civil life. 4 Pattersons final stage of adaption is assimilation, where migrants or minority groups achieve complete acceptance in society.Patterson observed that physical amalgamation may lead to distinctive features of migrant groups and that of their hosts to be lost. Patterson found the progress of the West Indian migrants in Britain was limited, there was still opposition to the employment of West Indians by white workers. 5 knap names and jocular references resulted in conflict. A rise in the number of West Indian landlords and the acceptance of West Indian tenants did however help ease housing problems.Racism existed with some shops refusing the custom of ethnic minorities due to the colour of their skin. Social relationships between migrants and hosts existed but only on a casual tinct basis. Patterson (1965) noted that some of the West Indians had adopted the British way of life however, there were few inter-racial marriages. Paterson concluded over the next decades in Britain the West Indian migrants and their children will follow in the steps of the Irish and achieve almost complete assimilation into British Society.

The Impact of Increased Domestic Abuse Rates

The Impact of Increased Domestic Abuse RatesINRODUCTION1.1Background of studyAccording to the United Nations secretary, the general Ban Ki Moon (2008) highlighted one universal proposition truth which always prevails in all countries, cultures and communities is that strength against wo manpower has never been accepted, will never be excusable and in whatever circumstance will be tolerated. Violence against women is an international concern since it is a national phenomenon that influences women of all races, ages, religions and economic statues. E really year as a result of personnel, more than than one gazillion people lose their lives and many suffer from non- fatal injuries which are mostly women kids. Moreover, it is a huge expense for the economy since it erodes billions of US dollars worldwide mainly in health carry on expenditure and much more in national economies in terms of workforce absenteeism, new law enforcement or even difference investment.In 2012 there wa s an estimation of 475 000 terminations which was recorded as a result of homicide. Furthermore 1 in five women have been sexually abused when she was a child and 1 in 3 women have been victims of either physical or sexual fury by their intimate partner at nigh point in their lifetime. According to the late Nelson Mandela in the health organization in (200212) which emphasize in the world report on violence and wellness that Many who live with the violence day in and day out presume that it is an innate part of the human state Brutality against women is a violation of the human dignity, the right to life and considered as an extreme inequality towards the women.According the world Health organization, 2004 in europium northwestward America nearly 3.9 men die from suicide for every 1 women they killed and in Asia the sex ratio are about 1.1. Unfortunately Mauritius, our small paradise is not to be left, the find out is even higher here where 1 women out of 4 are been battered . Between January to September, in 2013 nearly 1376 cases of violence against women were reported even though the ministry of sexual activity equality had already allocated 12.8 million (320, 000 Euros) to combat against intimate partner violence declared by the Defi Quotidian. The Family Violence Prevention fund (2008) with the American Association of University Women announces that more than 1,200 women are been killed every year by their husbands or boyfriends.Violence is associated with health problems and it affect the person in all dimension, physical, sexual, mental. In UK it affects both the child and the spawns health which often result in maternal mortality. In addition to it, 70 out of 295 women in UK (24%) died during their pregnancy or within 6 weeks they given birth and 19 of them were murdered according to the review saving lives Maternal deaths to make m early(a)hood safer in 2003. Last but not the least, 30 to 66% of the same abusive offender exploits both the mot her and the child. In India, they used to beat their wife and death caused by means of fire was very common that is women were been douse with kerosene and then it was claim that she died as a kitchen accident. Public officials in 1980s reveal that women who were mostly aged between 15 to 44 in Bombay or other urban areas of the Maharashtra where 1 out of 5 women were associated to accidental burnsS1.(world Report on violence and health, 2002)According to Durkheim (1800) Kushner, Sterk et al., (2005) which is disclose in Davis et al., (2011) research uncover that women were less expose to violence when they were residing in the protective interior(prenominal) sphere, however it was when they started to undertake non traditional roles, according to Levinson (1999) that is been engaged more in the mens role which lead them been more susceptible to violence. even, women are now emerging greatly in the world of business, thus they have a more independent lifestyle compared with their partner whereas some time back they were heavily depending on their partner causing them been more vulnerable to abuse and victimization. horticulture depicts norms that women direct to respect his husband thus if the women made a mistake at any level, the partner had the right to punish her. An Anon Pakistan (n.d) nibs were publish that thrashing a woman is to chastise or to discipline her as it was culturally and religiously justified because men are the owners of their wives and it is very much necessary to denominate them who is the boss so that the future transgressions are discourageS2d.The gender based violence is rooted in gender inequality, characterized by unequal power relation and the companionable structures are like factories which yields it to the society. The concept of masculinity has been integrated since civilization which is the main entrance for violence. The media also plays an important role in the sexualisation of women, portraying a prejudicial image of the women to the society. Religion engage in the production of discrimination violence against the women, the speech, scared text and their meaning , the practice of exclusion and the sexist un equality in church for instance contribute to maintain violence against women Stroher 2009, p.101 mention in Krob and Steffen article in 2015.Authorities responses are crucial to domestic violence calls. However police incumbents are often reluctant to intervene, often performing their job in a leisurely manner in serious cases and most astonishingly they side with the offenders than been with the victims. Parnas 1967 and Browne 1995 disclose that police hesitation to deal officially with domestic assaults is due to insufficient law enforcement in response to this study concern. earlier than been part of the solution they been increasing the problem. The police officers categorized simple assaults as been of low importance thus the victim will have to wait for the officers availabilit y or seek assistance with other agencies from Buzawa 1993 and Buzawa 1996. According to Waaland and Keeley in (1985) of a sample of the survey they conducted indicated that the police officers did not give any arrest in cases of illegal assault.Thus it is been added to the debate of addressing violence against women and the intervention strategies of the officers1.2 Problem recitalAccording to the domestic violence Homicide Report (2003) the human death toll is grossly underestimated. In 2001, intimate partner violence against women account for 20% of all non fatal violence that is 600,000 crimes overall. (Matthews, 2004) In spite of womens emancipation in the modern society, through its equal contribution at home and in society, we still perceiveS3 that women are been treated unequal to their husband or to other man in various settings. Domestic violence influence the womens ability to participate in the world where they are unable to take care of their children due to various h ealth problems that they experienced and pursue job careers normally. The government lost billions of money each year because of the enormous burden that violence leaves on the society. Mathews (2004), reveal that medical expenses from domestic violence range from $3 to $5 each year and this excludes the $100 million which are been lost by businesses from down in the mouth departure, lost salary, non productivity.No action is without meaning, Mahmood, 2001 stated that a women which is making use of a veil might be viewed in certain contexts as an onerousness whereas in another might be a womens resistance. Domestic violence also sends messages to the women that you must not breach this barrier. According to the European Parliament, 2006 violence is an exhibition of the historical unequal power relations between men and women leading to domination over and discrimination against the women by men preventing womens entire advancement. For example, the concept of the male honor is as sociated with purity of the women, if the women was raped or have sexual intercourse voluntarily outside marriage thus she was disgrace by the family. A study was conducted in Egypt where 47% of women were been killed by their relative after been raped. Women are unable to protect them from unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. We note that the situation have become beyond control internationally.Children who witnessed violence have many health problems like behavioural, anxiety, depression and poor school performance. In North America, children who witness violence exhibit antisocial behavior due to psychological disturbances. Moreover, a research in Leon and Nicaragua (2013) shows those children of abuse women were 6 times more presumable to die at age of 5. Children are dearly affected, 3207 cases of child abuse reported to the womens Aid national Free phone Helpline (2013) and based on the womens aid annual report (2013) 1,204 children were present at home dur ing intimate partner violence. Unfortunately most of the authoritiestechniques are furthermost of been defend the victim. Ferraro (1989) disclose that despite having serious policies only 18 % of offenders are been arrested, they often very lenient in domestic violence incident by Eigenberg et al. However, it is far to be a simple issue, fault in the system is indeed contributing in the nurture of domestic violence where it create a need to address this issue.1.3 Aim and objectives of the studyThe purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of an increasing rate of domestic violence on the women and the responsiveness of the police authorities towards this major concern. The study will mainly focus on the impact that domestic violence have upon women kids, the forms of violence, sources, causes and how the authorities response to this alarming social phenomenon accordingly. Therefore, it will be interesting to know till what extent a women is been victimized in the 20th c entury.The objectives of this research are as followsAn insight of the different forms of domestic violenceTo disclose the voice of the stigmatizedTo investigate the effectiveness of the intervention strategies of the authorities upon violenceTo locate solutions to combat against domestic violence1.4 Research QuestionsWhat are the forms of domestic violence and how does it impact women?What is the consequence of domestic violence upon the women?Are authorities intervention techniques effective in response to violence?What are the reasons for difficulty in combating against domestic violence?1.5 Outline of the studyChapter 1 introduce the subject matter under study, how violence greatly influences the women, children and society and the response of the authorities towards this issue. The problem statement give a more in depth description how domestic violence has an impact on women, children and drawbacks of the police strategies. The aim and objectives and a brief realize of each c hapter accordingly.Chapter 2 literature reviewChapter 3 MethodologyChapter 4 Results and DiscussionsChapter 5 Recommendations and conclusionsREFERNCESWorld Health Organization (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non- partner sexual violence. Switzerland WHO publications.World Health Organization (2002) World report on Violence and Health. geneva WHO publications.World Health organization (2014) Global status report on violence prevention. Switzerland WHO publications.European Union Agency for Fundamental Right (2014) Violence against women an EU wide survey. Europe. Publications Office of the European Union.Devries k, watts C, Yoshihama M, Kiss L, Schreiber L.B, Deyessa N, Heise L, Durand J, Mbwambo J, Jansen H, Berhane Y ,Ellsberg M. and Moreno C.G. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts Evidence from the WHO multi country study on womens health and domest ic violence against women, Journal of social science and medicine, Vol. 73, pp. 79-86.Indian Ocean Times. (2013). Mauritius 1,376 domestic violence cases recorded between January and September 2013, from en.indian-ocean-times.com accessed on the 12 April 2015 British High Commission Mauritius. (2015). Help and support available for victims of domestic violence in Mauritius from www.gov.uk accessed on 12 April 2015 Womens Aid. (2015). National and international statistics from www.womensaid.ie accessed on 12 April 2015 Council of Europe (2014) PREVENTING VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ARTICLE 12 OF THE ISTANBUL CONVENTION A collection of papers on the council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence. Europe Council of Europe publications (emailprotected).Krob D.B and Steffen L. (2015). Religious influence on education and culture Violence against women as common sense, Journal of Social and Behavioral sciences, Vol. 174, pp. 2374 -2379.P eter G Sinder B and Stephens J. (1999), Police perceptions of domestic violence the nexus of victim, perpetrator, event, self and law policing, International journal of police strategies management, Vol.22 Iss 3, pp. 313-327.Chhikara P, Jakhar J, Malik A, Singla K and Dhattarwal S.K. (2013), Domestic Violence The Dark honor of our Society, Journal of Indian Academic Forensic Medicine, Vol.35 (1), pp. 0971-0973.Davis, R.L. (2010), Domestic violence related deaths, Journal of Aggression ,conflict and Peace Research, Vol. 2, Iss 2.Davis, D.M. (2013). Rehabilitation Counseling Masters Students Beliefs and Attitudes about Domestic Violence toward Women. Published PhD dissertation. Lowa University of Lowa, 167 pages.Grovert, A.J. (2008). Domestic violence against women A literature Review. Published Masters Literature review. Forest Grove Pacific University, 41 pages.Rojas, L.D.A. (2010). Men and Domestic violence/Partner Violence in Santiago, Chile the meaning of violence in masculinit y. Published Master Dissertation. Gothenburg Gothenburg University, 76 pages.1S1Source?S2discouragedS3percieve

Thomas Sankara And The Revolution In Burkina Faso History Essay

doubting Thomas Sankara And The Revolution In Burkina Faso History EssayThe lead case I will be presenting is principally toilsome on one of the ambitious and immature African leaders Thomas Sankara, the shiftal leader, who made it to the highest rank in Burkina Faso (August, 1983), and was later assassinated by one of his friends (October, 1987). to a greater extent specific focus will be put on leaders qualities dis compriseed by Sankara both during the coup for taking over the government, and the launch of business office variation regime the initial popularity of Sankaras leadership started to shatter in the course of executing fundamental smorgasbords. On the one hand, Sanakara as a leader of his country was veneer financial and economic dependency from Western countries and donor organizations, and on the other hand, his leadership was challenged by hierarchical and corrupt system deeply rooted into the monastic order of Burkina Faso.Sankara is known as highly magneti sed and renewingal leader. He had the vision to make Burkina Faso independent, which was appealing to the majority of population and consequently he quickly gained the support of some Burkinabes. Sankara was obsessed with the idea to make his country economically self-sustainable and eradicate any form of dependency. Sanakra was confronting two sided transformation on the one hand he was traffic with social, economic, political regime, and on the other hand he had to crack social norms, moreover he wanted to do it fast.A glimpse into the history of Burkina Faso, or in general into a comm save componentd experience by most African countries reveals an on-going struggle against the yoke of Western Europe. The colonization of formerly named fastness Volta was undertaken by the French in 1890s. Colonization as a whole can be described as the pass on of dependency imposed by an elite, educated, strong country upon a flimsyer one. Upper Volta became independent in 1960, yet even a fter acquired independence most African countries were still under the influence and control of the Western Europe.Leadership of Sankara through Trait TheorySankaras leadership is supported by a series of leadership traits showcased in variant settings and environments. Signs of leadership were observed at earlier stages as a kid Sankara was inspired with the dream to become the savior of Upper Volta. He followed his vision by connexion military forces at the age of 19. Sankara in any case stood out with a number of heroic acts during the war with Mali, and at later stages was rewarded with the status of captain. Sankaras flexible ardor of leadership allowed him to make a shift from military sector to government, where he initially served as secretary of State for Information and later was assigned as prime-minister. forward to becoming the president of Upper Volta, Sankara was already bearing the popularity of a leader both locally and internationally.By further analyzing San karas leadership through the lenses of trait theory we can see that Sankara possesses a high degree of all traits common to a leader, yet his visionary plan remained unfinished, since he was killed after four geezerhood of being the head of Burkina Faso.Some leadership traits encountered in Sankaras actions wereIntelligence Thomas Sankara was an intelligent captain, yet his light was non limited to military affairs only Sankara was equally knowledgeable about his countrys political, economic and social conditions. By becoming the head of one of the poorest countries in the world Sankara started sketching reforms in order to make an outmost utilization of their own resources rather than seeking financial support from international donor organizations, such as World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Sankaras intelligence permitted him to think about issues that were not as intensively addressed during those times, such as gender equality and environmental issues. Sankara highl y empowered womens participation in different ministerial positions. Despite the urgency of myriad economic issues Sankara did not ignore environmental protection and during his leadership he organized series of tree diagram plantations. Sankara also realized that for the development of healthy economy he should pay attention to proper education and health, therefore he undertook preventive actions against the spread of different diseases.Confidence not only quotes and comments made by people who had had direct interaction with Sankara, but also his speeches are a high evidence of confidence. The agency that Sankara undertook was extremely establish on confidence. To some degree Sankara was overconfident while thinking he would be able to gain sustainable and independent state without outreaching the support of external sources.Charisma The most common trait prescribed to this leader is charisma it was the charisma that accelerated such a rapid transformation during 1982-83. During the short period of being a prime-minister January May 1983 Upper Volta Sankara made rapid changes in the education system, labor market. Yet his aspiration for introducing a transformational change in Upper Volta was limited to the conservative approach adapted by the president of the country which in its turn led to another big transformation renewing in 1983.Determination Sankara was ambitiously marching forth in his endeavor to radically change the prevailing system in Burkina Faso. Determination never abandoned this leader even when he was imprisoned by the former president in 1982. However, his determination was so strong on the way of his goal, that he started using power and authority against protesting masses during the post revolution period.Sociability despite the tense schedule during his military service Sankara was finding time to play guitar with US Peace Corps Volunteers, and engage in discussions. Some sources mention that Sankara charisma was influenced since h is involvement in a music band.Integrity most of Sankaras actions were based on integrity. I would even say integrity was prevailing in this leader to such a degree that the society could not absorb it Sankara was not afraid to speak up against big countries, international donor organizations, corrupt officials, and he made it clear from the beginning that for Burkina Faso to prosper they cannot afford allocating 60 per cent of the countrys revenue at only 0.3 percent of its population, that all layers of society had to be given equal chances.Transformational and Charismatic Leadership of Thomas SankaraWhat attracted my interest in Sankaras style of leadership was his unquestionable charisma, his visionary ideas that are current until now, his foresightedness toward the development of economically self-sustainable country, and the firm commitment to his plan. In the view of many people Sankara is engraft as a leader who in the 4th of August, 1983 successfully led his country to a long-awaited democratic revolution.While Burkina Faso was undergoing severe distress caused by weak economy, high level of illiteracy, astronomically high rate of infant mortality and extremely low income, it was a high time for a transformation to happen, and Sankaras charismatic personality and the solid vision allowed him to undertake the role of the change agent. Sankaras vision was perfectly aligned with the needs of large masses in Burkina Faso he gained popularity among young students, trade unions that were supposed to become an integral part in the forthcoming transformation, and many other individuals who appreciated Sankaras open criticism toward corrupt officials and civil servants.Thomas Sankara can be considered as highly transformational leader, not completely though. Sankzara had accumulated respect of many of his followers, and a bright proof of that was the readiness of young officers to rise when he was imprisoned by the president. However, his salvation plan was rather result oriented and did not consider inputs, willingness, opinions of many individuals, which in its turn was raising foiling and dissatisfaction of some of his followers. For instance, when trying to foster consumption of local production, Sankara put restrictions on clothes made in China.Leadership Style of SankaraWhen analyzing leadership style of Sankara we arrest to keep in mind that there was a notable difference at the time when he was attempting the revolution and when he was to transform the country. Prior to the revolution his actions involved a balanced proportion of consideration to support his followers and initiating structure such as gaining the support of youth and trade unions, while the post revolution era was accompanied with application of force, orders and rules. Thus in the latter case he can be described as highly confinement oriented.The major problem laid in the fact that Sanakara had put high goals in front of the country and every individual dwe lling in Burkina Faso. It is also worth mentioning that Sankara was the first in Burkina Faso to undertake the burden of sacrifices for the sake of long-term success among the decrease of public workers salaries he included his own, and at the moment of his expiry Sankara had no real property. The latter action can be described as quite participative, by serving as a change fabric for others. Even though most Burkinabes shared Sankaras vision to see Burkian Faso freed from foreign dependency, not everyone was ready to such a commitment, and that was one of Sankaras miscalculations.Taken the limited resources Sankara had, the neglect of support, the ambitious goals, and the limited amount of time for such changes, Sankara used the power of authority, and many Burkinabes started calling him a dictator.RecommendationsSankara was highly oriented at seeing Burkina Faso purified therefore his actions to introduce the new regime were too rapid for civilians to embrace. What he could pa y back done differently as a leader, instead of thinking that people would share his patriotic ideas he should have introduced the transformation in a more strategic manner by applying a bottom-up approach. For instance, identifying influential individuals for each congregation/community and trying to win their sympathy for his ideas or conveying the long-term benefits caused by short-term limitations.Sankara as a leader was effective, yet he call for other charismatic leaders working directly with deeper levels of society. We also had to keep in mind that application of rule against well grounded norms was not going to jockstrap especially when no other benefits were offered instead. Sankara could have used incentives, not necessarily financial, rather in terms of locally produced goods, to compensate the decrease of salaries. Finally, I would have recommended Sankara slightly increasing the level of being a diplomat sincerity and integrity was a big advantage, but in the intern ational arena Sankara need support of a big ally.

Sensorimotor Loss And Hemiplegia Health And Social Care Essay

Sensori beat back Loss And Hemiplegia Health And Social C atomic number 18 EssayCaptain flushed and Captain Blue were working in the intelligence section of Cloud-base when there was a terrorist attack by the Mysterons. A bomb exploded causing the detonator to collapse trapping both of them under the rubble. Captain Scarlet escaped with only minor injuries but Captain Blue was struck across the lifts by masonry and piping, which pinned him down. It took several hours to dig him out and when he has pulled free he was unable to incite his arms or legs. When he arrived at the Cloud-base hospital, he complained of his inability to move and of shooting/burning pains in both arms. Neurological examination revealed a left hemiplegia and right hemip aresis with a Babinski sign present bilaterally. anguish sensation was lost from the right shoulder downwards. Bladder, bowel and genital reflexivees were also absent. X-rays of the cervico- thoracic region were taken and subsequently he un derwent surgery to remove thrum fragments and to stabilise the cervical spine.A month later, movement of the right arm and leg had modify. Two months after surgery, movement in the right hand had amendd further but there was no voluntary movement on the left. Fasciculation of the left deltoid muscle was found together with spasticity of the left arm and leg, with clonus at the ankle. A Babinski sign remained on the left side. Joint position sense was present on both sides but pain sensation was absent on the medial right brass of the upper right arm, right side of the thorax, abdomen and whole right light limb. Despite reassurances from his Colonel that his condition will improve further, Captain Blue feels that he will never physically recover from his injuries. brass instrument of spinal anesthesia anesthesia anesthesia electric electric corduroyIn its own definition of spinal cord, Oxford medical dictionary states The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the vertebral column, consisting of nerve cells and bundles of nerves connecting all parts of the body together(1).spinal anaesthesia cord is divided up into 2 regionsThe white intimacy It contains the axons of the neurons that make up the descending and rise uping tracts responsible for the communication of the spinal cord with the brain. The white matter privy be split into the dorsal, the ventral and the lateral funiculous as seen in show 1.The White matter contains the following four pathways that are essential for the scenario and that will be further discussed in the next objective. Each tract carries a specific modality (types of sensation) in the brain. The position of each tract in the white matter is seen in jut out 2.Dorsal column medial lemniscus tract (DCML) It is responsible for conscious proprioreception and discriminative touch. It is split into the gracile and the cuneate fasiculi which carry these modalities from the lower and upper limbs respectively.Spi non halamic tract(STT) It is responsible for the pain and temperature sensation.Spinocerebellar tract (SCT) It is responsible for the unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum which controls the co-ordination of movements.The above are ascending pathways i.e. they send in tenoration from the spinal cord to the brain. The following is a descending pathwayCorticospinal tract (CST) It is responsible for sending information to the spinal cord for controlling voluntary movements of the lower and upper limbs.Figure 1 Spinal cord transection (2)The Grey matter It mainly consists of neural cell bodies and glial cells. Ten different layers of grey matter called laminae can be distinguished. it is further divided into 3 or 4 regions (depending on the take aim of the spinal cord) each containing several laminae as seen in Figure 2Superficial dorsal schnoz It consists of laminae I-II and receives information from nociceptors about pain and temperature from Ac and sensory fibers.Deep dorsal h orn It consists of laminae III-VI which receive information for touch and conscious proprioreception from the low threshold mechanoreceptors form I sensory fibers.Lateral horn This can be found in the spinal levels T1-L2 and is responsible for the autonomic control as it contains cell bodies of autonomic preganglionic fibers.Ventral horn It consists of laminae VII-IX and contains the cell bodies for -motor neurons that innervate the muscles, as well as here the muscle afferents terminate.Figure 2 Organisation of spinal cord (3)Organisation of pathways in Spinal cordEach of the four pathways mentioned above will now be describedDorsal Column Medial Lemnsicus pathway (4)Figure 4 DCML tract (3)The Information from the cuteneous mechanoreceptors travel through I fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and innervate the dorsal column nuclei.The Axons ascend ipsilaterally the spinal cord.They intersecting in the medulla and ascend through medial lemniscuses to the ventroposterolate ral nucleus of the thalamus.Then they travel through the internal capsule to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrous.Spinothalamic tract (5)Figure 5 STT tract (3)It conveys information such as pain and temperature from nociceptors through C and A fibers to the laminae I-II of the dorsal horn.The axons decussate in the grey commisure of the spinal cord one or two segments above the point of entry.2ndary axons ascend in the lateral lemniscus of the spinal cord and innervate the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.3rd order axons travel through the internal capsule to primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrous.Spinocerebellar tract (6)Figure 6 STT tract (7)It conveys information for unconscious proprioception from the muscle mechanoreceptors and through I fibers in the deep dorsal horn.The axons ascend in the dorsal columns and innervate the Clarkes columns.This pathway does not decussate.The axons enter the cerebellum through the inferior pud encle.Corticospinal tract (8)Figure 7 STT tract (3)It curries information from the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrous to the ventral horns of the spinal cord and from there through - motor neurons to the muscles.The axons from the pre-central gyrous pass through the internal capsule and decussate at the spino-medullary junction to form the pyramidal tract.From there they descend in the lateral corticospinal tract to innervate -motor neurons nuclei in the ventral horn.-motor neurons travel in the body and innervate the muscles.Explain the symptoms DiagnosisBelow are listed and explained the symptoms caused by the spinal injury giving a possible diagnosis at the end. The symptoms of Captain Blue are ascribable(p) to the damage of the spinal cord caused by the vertebrae get up fragments.SymptomsExplanationInitial inability to move and shooting pains in both armsThese are due to the spinal shock (9). This causes temporarily press release of function of the whole spinal cord. As a result, there is a loss of ability of voluntary control to all body giving the ikon of muscle flaccid paralysis. Also there is loss of sensation and in this event there is a shooting pain in both arms. The spinal shock usually starts to face off in one day and gradually the reflexes, the control of movement and the sensation in the undamaged part are gained back.Babinski sign bilaterally. Clonus in the ankle and spasticity of the left arm and legThe Babinski reflex is a polysynaptic reflex evoked when there is nocturnous stimuli on the sole of the foot. The normal Babinski reflex causes withdrawal of the foot with adduction and flexion of the toes. An abnormal Babinski sign is one that shows abduction and extension of the toes of the foot when the foot is withdrawn. In neonates it is normal to show an abnormal Babinski reflex as their corticospinal tract has not yet matured (10).Clonus is a series of contraction when the muscle is stretched.Spastisity is increased muscl e tone.All the above are indicators of an upper motor neuron lesion and indicate a possible damage on the corticospinal tracts of the spinal cord.FasciculationsFasciculations are spontaneous, involuntary muscle contractions that can be seen below the skin. These are due to spontaneous firing of damaged -motor neurons. These are caused by the damage on the ventral horn where the -motor neurons synapse with the descending tracts.Left hemiplegia and right hemiparesis. After two months right hand movements are improved.Hemiplegia is the complete inability of the voluntary movement of the one side of the body whereas hemiparesis is the weakness in movement.As reason above there is damage in the CST of the spinal cord. This causes ipsilateral loss of movement below the level of lesion. Left hemiplegia indicates that there is a lesion on the left side of the spinal cord as the CST decussates in the medulla. The right hemiparesis is due to the initial spinal shock.Pain sensation lost from t he right shoulder downwardsThe loss of sensation indicates damage of the spinothalamic tract. The loss of sensation is on the right side as the lesion is on the left part of the spinal cord. This is due to the fact that STT decussates in the spinal cord. The level of loss of pain sensation is an indicator of the possible level of lesion. The shoulder region is innervated by the C5 level. thitherfore, this is probably the level of injury.Bladder, bowel and genital reflexes were absentBladder, bowel and genital reflexes are autonomic reflexes controlled by the brain. In the lateral horn of thoracolumbar and sacral levels, autonomic preganglionic fibers originate and innervate the organs.In more detail, parasympathetic activity in men is responsible for arousal whereas sympathetic activity is necessary for ejaculation and orgasm. Autonomic activity in bowel and vesicas controls the muscles responsible for defecation and dieresis respectively.A lesion in the spinal cord can damage the pathway and result in incontinence of bladder and impotency for men.Joint position sense was present on both sides but pain sensation was absent on the medial right aspect of the right arm, right thorax, abdomen right lower limb.Information for joint position is ascending to the brain through the DCML tract. This means that this pathway is not damaged. On the other hand as explained above, pain sensation travels in the CTT which is damaged.In Figure 8, there is a body map showing the area touch on as far as motor movement is concerned (solid brown area), and the area of impaired sensation. On the right, is the area of damage at the C5 level resulting in the symptoms on the left. Taking everything into concern, all the complications indicate a lesion on the left side on C5 level of the spinal cord due to injury from the turn out fragments. The structures damaged areDCML pathway and STTPart of the ventral hornFigure 8 Captains Blue Symptoms body map and lesion of spinal cordSpinal cord injuriesSpinal cord injuries can occur due to trauma, infections, ischemia and other diseases. In this case the trauma was indirectly caused by bone due to vertebrae fracture. There are also direct traumas such as in stab wounds.Damage is firstly caused due to hemorrhaging and compression of the spinal cord. The secondary complications such as hypoxia and ischemia that occur over a longer period can also cause further damage.After the initial physical damage to the spinal cord, apoptosis of the glial cells and demyelination occur. Inflammatory cells infiltrate the spinal cord and contribute to the scaring and the inhibition of the axon growth. The injury may expand to other segments and cause grater complications (syringomyelia). Figure 9 shows a cervical spinal cord following an injury.Figure 9 Spinal cord after injury (11)Figure 10 ASIA categories for spinal cord injuries (12)Spinal cord injuries can be classified with ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) in Asia A, B, C, D categories. Figure 10, adapted from ASIA official website, shows the characteristics of each category. discussion PrognosisThe treatment for spinal cord injuries is very complex. However, even with the best treatment, regeneration of nerves and complete regaining of functions is unlikely. The treatment mainly concerns the reduction and minimization of the damage and fights the complications caused by the injury (13).The primary line of treatment is to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord and eliminate the cause of the damage. In this case Captain Blue undergoes surgery to remove the bone fragments.The second line of treatment involves the reduction of the inflammatory response responsible for further damage. The prescription of corticosteroids helps with the anti-inflammatory effects, the reduction of the glial scar formation and the CNS cell death.Furthermore, doctors must work against problems caused by the loss of movement such as urinary infection, cachexy of muscle s or formation of blood clots. As a result, exercises to improve bowel and bladder function and lifestyle tips to reduce the possibility of clot formation are given. Physiotherapy is the route to avoid muscle waste. Occupational therapy is needed for the patient to learn to live with his immobility. A range of non medical specialists such as dieticians, psychologists and mixer workers are also needed.The prognosis for CNS damage is very poor. Regeneration of the nerves in the CNS is difficult due toGlial scar formation. lighting of inhibitory substances that oppose axon growth and remyelination.However, new techniques such as electrical stimulation of the nerves with electrical devices can be used in the future to gain muscle function. Stem cells are also a promising future. Presently the most helpful and accessible way to overcome the disabilities caused by spinal cord injuries is the wheelchair with electronic devices that can be used for communication, movement and a variety of other daily jobs.

A Tale Of Two Cities LA :: essays research papers fc

A Tale of Two CitiesThis paper is a literary analysis over the book A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles fiend. It contains information about the author, plot, and characters in the story. Devices and styles used to complete the book argon also in this paper.On February 7, 1812 in Portsea, Charles Dickens began his life. His father, John Dickens, spent little time with Charles. The family lived in poverty and John was in prison a lot of the time. When Charles was two, the family moved to London. At age twelve, Charles worked in a factory pasting labels on bottles of shoe polish. He only worked there for a few months, but it was a miserable experience that would remain with him his whole life.Dickens attended school until he was fifteen. He always enjoyed reading, and especially adventure stories, fairy tales, and novels. Authors like William Shakespeare, Tobias Smollet, and heat content Fielding greatly influenced his work. However, most of the knowledge he used as an author came from his environment around him. In the late 1820s, Dickens became a newspaper publisher writer and reporter. Dickens= first book, Sketches by Boz, written in 1836, consisted of articles he wrote for the London Chronicles. After he married Catherine Hogarth in 1836, his first work printed in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. This was the beginning of his career.When Dickens was twenty-four, he became famous for the rest of his life. His first fame came with The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club with Dickens= adventure stories. Other whole works followed such as, Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, and Our Mutual Friend.In 1837, Catherine=s sister Mary, died. Dickens suffered much grief. This led some scholars to believe that Dickens loved Mary more than Catherine. Dickens and Catherine had ten children in all. In 1958 the couple separated. Through his life, Dickens was an actor, a conjurer, a poet, a lecturer, and an editor. Dickens had a remarkable menta l and physical energy. This led to involvement in many organizations until 1865 when Dickens health started to decline. In 1870 Dickens died of a stroke. The world remembers him as i of the best authors in history.In two basic locations the story takes place. The main action is in England and France during the French revolution. The action begins in 1775 at Tellson=s stick in England, then it moves to France in a wine shop where the rebels have headquarters.

Volleyball at the Beach :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Volleyball at the Beach ParkNestled between high-rises filled with lavish condominiums and ancient beachfront shops lies the center of teenage life on Saturday mornings, Laudermilk Beach Park. It is here that all of the problems of everyday life are forgotten for a few hours every Saturday, and teenagers are able to relax and do what teenagers do best, play volleyball. The days events begin around 10 oclock a.m. when most adolescents arrive their behavior from their beds to their bathrooms. After showering and dressing in the customary cut-off T-shirt and swim trunks (most often shorts adorned with flowered designs), teens start their cars and head off to the Laudermilk Park, more or less a thirty-minute drive. Around eleven oclock, the parking lots become filled, and volleyballs begin flying through the air. Before long, teams of twos and fives take over the courts and begin to play. Onlookers wee quite a show.Shouts can be heard everywhere on and off the court. On the court, teammates shout to one another, ordering sets and spikes, working hard for the attached point. Off the court, kids celebrate the well-constructed plays of others and claim rights to the next match. At the end of each game, winners run swiftly to the adjacent beach for a swim, while losers meander dourly to a drinking fountain housed under an elevated shelter. It is only seconds before new games begin, and the cycle begins again. Next to the court, under the shade of a large oak tree, sits Ali. Ali is a man of about 55 who attends the gathering every week. He used to be a professional volleyball player, and now spends his time observance the game at a youth level, and giving advice to novices and experienced players alike. He watches pensively from under the shade of the large branches, quietly munching on his turkey sub-sandwich. all(prenominal) few minutes Ali yells wisely to a young player. He says, Keep your jump approach in stride, and Remember to cup your hand before you m ake contact, then follow through. Down near the water teams celebrate, and boys and girls flirt in the warm ocean. An occasional roar erupts from all around when a boy on a skimboard attempts a flip and lands headfirst in the water. Uninterested girls lounge lazily in the sand, turning themselves every so often to avoid burning, as if they were on a rotisserie.